Christos Stefo
MSc
Roles
- PreDoc Researcher
Publications (created while at TU Wien)
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2026
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Bridging Bitcoin to Second Layers via BitVM2
Woll, R. L., Aumayr, L., Avarikioti, Z., Maffei, M., Pelosi, A., Thyfronitis Litos, O. S., Stefo, C., Tse, D., & Zamyatin, A. (2026). Bridging Bitcoin to Second Layers via BitVM2. In Proceedings of the 35th USENIX Security Symposium (pp. 969–988).
DOI: 10.34726/12785 MetadataAbstract
A holy grail in blockchain infrastructure is a trustless bridge between Bitcoin and its second layers or other chains. We make progress toward this vision by introducing the first light-client-based Bitcoin bridge. At its heart lies BITVM2-CORE, a novel paradigm that enables arbitrary program execution on Bitcoin, combining Turing-complete expressiveness with the security of Bitcoin consensus. BITVM2-BRIDGE advances prior approaches by reducing the trust assumption from an honest majority (t-of-n) to existential honesty (1-of-n) during setup. Liveness is guaranteed with only one rational operator, and any user can act as a challenger, enabling permissionless verification. A production-level implementation of BITVM2 has been developed, and a full challenge verification has been executed on the Bitcoin mainnet.